Osmotic treatment of fruits and vegetables preceding convective drying may strongly affect properties of the final product (Lewicki and Lukaszuk, 2000; Lewicki and Pawlak, 2003). During osmotic dehydration, many aspects of cell structures are affected such as alteration of cell walls, splitting of the middle lamella, lysis of membranes (plasmalemma and tonoplast), tissue shrinkage (Alvarez et al., 1995) which could strongly influence the transport properties of the product during processing. All these phenomena cause changes in the macroscopic properties of the sample, such as optical and mechanical properties, which are related to the product appearance and texture, respectively. All these…
Author: Maxwell
The transmission in a vehicle matches the power requirements of the automobile to the power output available from an engine or motor; the automatic transmission’s selection of different gears keeps the engine operating in speed ranges that allow high levels of efficiency to be achieved. Most modem transmissions operate at efficiencies of over 85 percent on the city cycle and 92 to 94 percent on the highway cycle. The efficiency losses that do occur are caused primarily by: Hydraulic losses in the torque converter (current automatic transmissions use a hydraulic system to transmit the engine power to the drivetrain). Designs…